The JavaTM Tutorial

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Trail: Essential Java Classes
Lesson: Accessing System Resources

## Miscellaneous System Methods

> The `System` class provides several methods that provide miscellaneous functionality including copying arrays and getting the current time.

### Copying Arrays

> Use `System`'s `arraycopy` method to efficiently copy data from one array into another. The `arraycopy` method requires five arguments:

> >     public static
> >         void arraycopy(Object source,
> >                        int srcIndex,
> >                        Object dest,
> >                        int destIndex,
> >                        int length,

> The two `Object` arguments indicate the array to copy from and the array to copy to. The three integer arguments indicate the starting location in each the source and the destination array, and the number of elements to copy. This diagram illustrates how the copy takes place:

> The following program uses `arraycopy` to copy some elements from the `copyFrom` array to the `copyTo` array.

> >     public class ArrayCopyTest {
> >         public static void main(String[] args) {
> >             char[] copyFrom = { 'd', 'e', 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e',
> >     			    'i', 'n', 'a', 't', 'e', 'd' };
> >             char[] copyTo = new char[7];

> >             System.arraycopy(copyFrom, 2, copyTo, 0, 7);
> >             System.out.println(new String(copyTo));
> >         }
> >     }

> The `arraycopy` method call in this example program begins the copy at element number 2 in the source array. Recall that array indices start at 0, so that the copy begins at the array element 'c'. The `arraycopy` method call puts the copied elements into the destination array beginning at the first element (element 0) in the destination array `copyTo`. The copy copies 7 elements: 'c', 'a', 'f', 'f', 'e', 'i', and 'n'. Effectively, the `arraycopy` method takes the "caffein" out of "decaffeinated", like this:

> Note that the destination array must be allocated before you call `arraycopy` and must be large enough to contain the data being copied.

### Getting the Current Time

> The `currentTimeMillis` method returns the current time in milliseconds since 00:00:00, January 1, 1970. The `currentTimeMillis` method is commonly used during performance tests: get the current time, perform the operation that you want to time, get the current time again--the difference in the two time samples is roughly the amount of time that the operation took to perform.

> Often in graphical user interfaces the time difference between mouse clicks is used to determine whether a user double clicked. The following applet uses `currentTimeMillis` to compute the number of milliseconds between two mouse clicks. If the time period between the clicks is smaller than 200 milliseconds, the two mouse clicks are interpreted as a double mouse click.

> > Note: Because some old browsers don't support 1.1, the above applet is a 1.0 version (here is the 1.0 code; here's the 1.1 code). To run the 1.1 version of the applet, go to `example-1dot1/TimingIsEverything.html`. For more information about running applets, refer to About Our Examples.

> Here's `the source` for the `TimingIsEverything` applet:

> >     import java.awt.Graphics;
> >     import java.awt.Dimension;

> >     import java.awt.event.MouseAdapter;
> >     import java.awt.event.MouseEvent;

> >     public class TimingIsEverything extends java.applet.Applet {

> >         public long firstClickTime = 0;
> >         public String displayStr;

> >         public void init() {
> >             displayStr = "Double Click Me";
> >             addMouseListener(new MyAdapter());
> >         }
> >         public void paint(Graphics g) {
> >             g.drawRect(0, 0, getSize().width-1, getSize().height-1);
> >             g.drawString(displayStr, 40, 30);
> >         }
> >         class MyAdapter extends MouseAdapter {
> >             public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent evt) {
> >                 long clickTime = System.currentTimeMillis();
> >                 long clickInterval = clickTime - firstClickTime;
> >                 if (clickInterval < 300) {
> >                     displayStr = "Double Click!! (Interval = "
> >     			     + clickInterval + ")";
> >                     firstClickTime = 0;
> >                 } else {
> >                     displayStr = "Single Click!!";
> >                     firstClickTime = clickTime;
> >                 }
> >                 repaint();
> >     	}
> >         }
> >     }

> You could use the return value from this method to compute the current date and time. However, you'll probably find that it's more convenient to get the current date and time from the `Date` class.

> > Note: Previous versions of the `System` class support two other time-related methods besides the `currentTimeMillis` method: `currentTime` and `nowMillis`. These two methods are now obsolete--you should use `currentTimeMillis` instead.

### Exiting the Runtime Environment

> To exit the Java interpreter, call the `System.exit` method. The interpreter exits with the integer exit code that you specify to the `exit` method.

> >     System.exit(-1);

> Note: The `exit` method causes the Java interpreter to exit, not just your Java program. Use this function with caution.

> > Security consideration: Invocation of the `exit` method is subject to security restrictions. Depending on the browser that an applet is running in, a call to `exit` from within an applet will likely result in a `SecurityException`. See Security Restrictions for information about the security restrictions placed on applets.

### Setting and Getting the Security Manager

> The security manager is an object that enforces a certain security policy for a Java application. You can set the current security manager for your applications using `System`'s `setSecurityManager` method, and you can retrieve the current security manager using `System`'s `getSecurityManager` method. An application's security manager is a `java.lang.SecurityManager` object.

> Providing Your Own Security Manager discusses security managers in detail and shows you how to create and install your own security manager using these two `System` methods.

> > Security consideration: The security manager for an application can be set only once. Typically, a browser sets its security manager during its startup procedure. Thus, most of the time, applets cannot set the security manager because it's already been set. A `SecurityException` will result if your applet attempts to do so. See Security Restrictions for information about the security restrictions placed on applets.

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