The JavaTM Tutorial

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Trail: Learning the Java Language
Lesson: The Nuts and Bolts of the Java Language

## Data Types

> All variables in the Java language must have a data type. A variable's data type determines the values that the variable can contain and the operations that can be performed on it. For example, in the `MaxVariables` program, the declaration `int largestInteger` declares that `largestInteger` is an integer (`int`). Integers can contain only integral values (both positive and negative). You can perform arithmetic operations, such as addition, on integer variables.

> The Java programming language has two major categories of data types: primitive and reference.

> A variable of primitive type contains a single value of the appropriate size and format for its type: a number, character, or boolean value. For example, the value of an `int` is an integer, the value of a `char` is a 16-bit Unicode character, and so on.

> Arrays, classes, and interfaces are reference types. The value of a reference type variable, in contrast to that of a primitive type, is a reference to the actual value or set of values represented by the variable. A reference is called a pointer or a memory address in other languages. A reference is like your friend's address: The address is not your friend, but it's a way to reach your friend. A reference type variable is not the array or object itself but rather a way to reach it.

> The following table lists, by keyword, all of the primitive data types supported by Java, their sizes and formats, and a brief description of each. The `MaxVariables` program declares one variable of each primitive type.

> Primitive Data Types

> Keyword | Description | Size/Format
> (integers)
> `byte` | Byte-length integer | 8-bit two's complement
> `short` | Short integer | 16-bit two's complement
> `int` | Integer | 32-bit two's complement
> `long` | Long integer | 64-bit two's complement
> (real numbers)
> `float` | Single-precision floating point | 32-bit IEEE 754
> `double` | Double-precision floating point | 64-bit IEEE 754
> (other types)
> `char` | A single character | 16-bit Unicode character
> `boolean` | A boolean value (`true` or `false`) | true or false

> > Purity Tip: In other languages, the format and size of primitive data types may depend on the platform on which a program is running. In contrast, the Java language specifies the size and format of its primitive data types. Hence, you don't have to worry about system-dependencies.

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